This bias operates by filtering perceptions and interpretations through the lens of preexisting attitudes or opinions, leading to selective attention, memory, and interpretation. For example, someone who believes a specific diet is highly effective may focus on stories or studies supporting that diet while ignoring evidence to the contrary. Similarly, during an election, a voter may seek out news sources that align with their political views, reinforcing their opinions while avoiding exposure to opposing perspectives.
Confirmation bias distorts critical thinking by creating a feedback loop that entrenches existing beliefs, making individuals resistant to new information or alternative viewpoints. This can hinder objective decision-making and foster polarized thinking, as opposing sides rely on different sets of selectively chosen "facts."
This bias is often exploited in propaganda and persuasive communication by presenting selective evidence that aligns with the target audience's opinions. For instance, during an election campaign, news sources that favor a particular candidate may highlight polls showing that candidate ahead in the race while downplaying other polls that suggest a closer contest or a lead for their opponent. This selective reporting reinforces the belief among the candidate’s supporters that victory is inevitable, even if the broader data presents a more uncertain but accurate picture.
