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that appears in bold to show its definition.

: slogan - a brief, striking phrase designed to be memorable, evoke emotional appeal, and reinforce a specific message or idea.
: "Trumped-up trickle-down" associates her opponent's name with a widely discredited economic approach in a way that is memorable, punchy, and easy to repeat.

: common folk - connecting with an audience by giving the impression that you understand and share their everyday struggles and concerns.
: By contrasting her opponent’s privilege with her upbringing as the daughter of a hardworking small businessman, Clinton emphasizes her connection to middle-class struggles.

: false claim - a statement that is directly contradicted by fact and can be easily proven untrue.
: After examining more than 100,000 confidential documents, the NY Times concluded that the "small loan" was actually $60.7 million.^[1]

: half truth - a statement that is essentially true, but lacking critical information and presented as the whole truth.
: Trump mentions the 16% VAT tax paid by U.S. companies in Mexico, without mentioning that Mexican companies pay the same 16% VAT tax in Mexico.^[2]

: norm of reciprocity - the tendency for individuals to feel obligated to give back, when they're given something, even if the something given wasn't asked for or wanted.
: By getting Clinton to follow his lead, he makes anything he says after seem more irrefutable.

: false claim - a statement that is directly contradicted by fact and can be easily proven untrue.
: Trump indeed tweeted, "The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive."

: loaded question - presenting a question that has a presumption of guilt built into it.

: adding qualifiers - adding an extra word or phrase to a response that makes it ultimately meaningless, but still leaves the desired impression.
: Clinton saying she was "against it once it was finally negotiated" doesn’t necessarily mean she didn’t support the TPP—just that she expressed her opposition after it became politically unpopular.^[3]

: glittering generalities - vague, emotionally charged language that evokes strong feelings or associations, but offers few if any specifics.
: About "regulations on top of regulations" and pledging to cut regulations and taxes "big league"—while providing no specific details on which regulations would be cut, whose taxes would be reduced, or whose taxes would otherwise be increased.

: labeling - casting a person or group into a rigid, stereotypical identity and assigning names or attributes to that identity.
: Trump's use of the saying "Typical politician. All talk, no action." defines Clinton as ineffective, insincere, and detached from the needs of everyday people.

: red herring - throwing irrelevant information into an argument to divert attention from the real issue at hand.
: Trump brings up being under audit and releasing his public financial disclosure, which may seem relevant but does not address why he hasn't released his tax returns.^[5]

: false equivalence - implying that two things are essentially the same, despite being significantly different, by focusing on anecdotal or superficial similarities.
: Between the release of Trump's existing tax returns and the demand for Hillary Clinton’s non-existent “deleted” emails, when, by his own framing, he is demanding something that cannot be produced.

: false claim - a statement that is directly contradicted by fact and can be easily proven untrue.
: In the tax returns that anyone has seen from Trump, he has paid federal income tax for three out of five years from 1975 to 1979.^[3]

: guilt by association - discrediting an opponent by linking them with a person, group, or entity viewed negatively by the target audience.
: Trump uses Clinton's years in politics to identify her with the failings of other politicians, even though she may have played little or no role in many of the issues he condemns.

: false claim - a statement that is directly contradicted by fact and can be easily proven untrue.
: Trump filed for bankruptcy six (not four) times.^[3]

: dog whistle - ambiguous messaging designed to stoke fears, anxieties, or prejudices against minorities or other marginalized groups, or to covertly signal allegiance to specific subgroups.
: The phrase "law and order" has historically been used to stoke racial anxiety about urban crime and to call for crackdowns on civil disobedience by people of color. Summoning it can signal support for racialized policing to certain audiences while remaining a neutral call for public safety to the broader audience.^[8]

: false claim - a statement that is directly contradicted by fact and can be easily proven untrue.
: While crime has continued to drop under the current mayor, there was a 5.7% rise in murders, since ending stop and frisk.^[3]

: fault as virtue - reframing a weakness or undesirable trait as a strength by highlighting any positive aspect of it.
: Trump suggests his promotion of the birther controversy—which could be perceived as racially charged and rooted in conspiracy—instead was a public service because it forced Obama to release his birth certificate.

: whataboutism - discrediting a criticism by accusing hypocrisy to shift the focus away from oneself and onto others.
: Trump shifts the focus from allegations that he played racial politics with Obama to suggesting Clinton did the same—redirecting scrutiny onto his opponent.

: straw man - misrepresenting an opponent's position or argument to make it easier to attack, usually by exaggerating, distorting, or just completely fabricating it.
: Trump invited the Russians to find Clinton's 30,000 deleted emails, NOT to hack into random Americans.^[10]

: misleading claim - a statement with a few elements or kernel of truth, which can easily be proven deceptive or fundamentally untrue.
: ICE, the federal agency, didn't endorse Trump, rather a union representing 5,000 federal immigration officers did.^[11]

: misleading claim - a statement with a few elements or kernel of truth, which can easily be proven deceptive or fundamentally untrue.
: 73% is how much the U.S. spends on its own military, compared to other alliance countries. The U.S. actually pays about 22% of the NATO budget.^[12]

: false claim - a statement that is directly contradicted by fact and can be easily proven untrue.
: Trump's public stance against the Iraq War did not occur until August 2004 (a year after the war started), before which he was either noncommittal or supported it.^[13]

: exaggeration - stretching the truth to make something seem more powerful or meaningful than it actually is.
: Although Clinton played a major role, she wasn't solely responsible for imposing international sanctions against Iran.^[14]

: innuendo - implying something negative or controversial without explicitly stating it, leaving the audience to infer the intended meaning.
: By emphasizing that "America’s word be good" and that many leaders have expressed "questioning and worries," Clinton implies that Trump cannot be trusted by other world leaders, without explicitly stating it.

: innuendo - implying something negative or controversial without explicitly stating it, leaving the audience to infer the intended meaning.
: By warning about "bullies, abroad or at home," and "those who would try to destabilize the world," Clinton insinuates that Trump is a bully and a threat to global stability, without stating it outright.

: the last word - the cognitive tendency to better remember or emphasize the most recent information encountered, compared to earlier information.