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: projection - accusing an opponent of using the same underhanded tactics or committing the same misdeeds the accuser is guilty of. : DeSantis accuses other wealthy politicians of running up the national debt, when he has voted for legislation and debt ceiling increases that ran up the national debt.[1][2]
: passing the buck - shifting blame onto someone else for self-exoneration or to direct attention away from those really at fault. : For NJ's credit rating being downgraded 11 times under Christie to former governors.[3]
: adding qualifiers - adding an extra word or phrase to a response that makes it ultimately meaningless, but still leaves the desired impression. : Scott saying that he "had an opportunity" to vote against spending packages doesn't necessarily mean he voted against spending packages every time, just that he had the opportunity to do so.
: exaggeration - stretching the truth to make something seem more powerful or meaningful than it actually is. : Actual estimates of spending power range from a loss of $7,400 to a gain of $5 in real disposable personal income.[4]
: misleading claim - a statement with a few elements or kernel of truth, which can easily be proven deceptive or fundamentally untrue. : The 2017 bill Scott helped write produced a $60 tax break for the poorest households, $780 for middle-income, and about $50,000 for the top 1%.[5]
: passing the buck - shifting blame onto someone else for self-exoneration or to direct attention away from those really at fault. : For trillions in federal spending to just Covid-19.
: glittering generalities - vague, emotionally charged language that evokes strong feelings or associations, but offers few if any specifics. : Calling for saving "the American dream" by "running to something" and "passing the keys" to a new generation to fix it while providing no concrete policies, no clarity on what is being run from or toward, and no explanation of how or what will actually be fixed.
: misleading claim - a statement with a few elements or kernel of truth, which can easily be proven deceptive or fundamentally untrue. : Military spending on average was slightly higher under Obama ($3 to 2.9 trillion), the economy had already largely recovered before 2016, and U.S. oil production rose more rapidly under Obama.[6][7][8]
: passing the buck - shifting blame onto someone else for self-exoneration or to direct attention away from those really at fault. : For trillions in federal spending to the past administration and Covid-19.
: oversimplification - treating a complex problem or subject with false simplicity by omitting or ignoring complicating factors or details.
: name-calling - using emotionally charged, derogatory terms to brand opponents with lasting negative associations that become synonymous with their identity. : Pence characterizes Ramaswamy as an unqualified rookie.
: false claim - a statement that is directly contradicted by fact and can be easily proven untrue. : During the Covid-19 pandemic, states and localities, NOT the federal government, locked down the economy.[9]
: false claim - a statement that is directly contradicted by fact and can be easily proven untrue. : DeSantis himself, not federal bureaucrats, issued stay-at-home orders for the entire state of Florida.[10]
: labeling - casting a person or group into a rigid, stereotypical identity and assigning names or attributes to that identity. : Ramaswamy reduces his opponents to mere tools of wealthy donors, while defining himself as the only true defender of American values.
: false claim - a statement that is directly contradicted by fact and can be easily proven untrue. : No deaths have been linked to bad climate change policies, while approximately 2 million deaths have been linked to climate change.[11]
: guilt by association - discrediting an opponent by linking them with a person, group, or entity viewed negatively by the target audience. : Christie uses Ramaswamy's opening statement to link him to Barack Obama, transferring any negative perceptions of Obama the audience might have onto him.
: passing the buck - shifting blame onto someone else for self-exoneration or to direct attention away from those really at fault. : To China and India for curbing emissions (when the U.S. has higher per capita emissions than both countries).[12]
: false claim - a statement that is directly contradicted by fact and can be easily proven untrue. : Biden's subsidies for renewable energy do appear to be working.[13]
: false equivalence - implying that two things are essentially the same, despite being significantly different, by focusing on anecdotal or superficial similarities. : Between DeSantis’s electability in Florida and his appeal nationwide, overlooking the possibility that Florida’s electorate is not representative of the rest of the country.
: euphemism - replacing language that is accurate but may be offensive to the target audience with language that is more palatable or appealing. : The phrase "a culture of life" can signal opposition to abortion without directly mentioning banning or restricting abortion.
: straw man - misrepresenting an opponent's position or argument to make it easier to attack, usually by exaggerating, distorting, or just completely fabricating it. : Democrats in Congress support abortion up to the moment of birth, IF the mother’s health or life is at risk.[12]
: half truth - a statement that is essentially true, but lacking critical information and presented as the whole truth. : DeSantis brings up a botched late-term abortion, without mentioning the abortion he cites was performed in 1955 by a family member with a hanger, when abortion was still outlawed.[14]
: honor by association - defending or championing cultural sacred cows to transfer the respect, authority, and prestige associated with those symbols onto oneself. : Pence invokes his faith in Jesus Christ and quotes biblical scripture, aligning himself with the moral authority and reverence associated with Christianity and its teachings.
: baseless claim - a bold statement that is presented as accepted or established fact, with no discernable evidence to support the claim. : Consensus is the opposite of leadership.
: misleading claim - a statement with a few elements or kernel of truth, which can easily be proven deceptive or fundamentally untrue. : 70% of Americans support a 28-week ban, not a 15-week ban on abortion.[12]
: straw man - misrepresenting an opponent's position or argument to make it easier to attack, usually by exaggerating, distorting, or just completely fabricating it. : States like CA, NY, and IL have abortion up until the day of birth, IF there are fetal abnormalities or risk to the life or health of the mother.[12]
: euphemism - replacing language that is accurate but may be offensive to the target audience with language that is more palatable or appealing. : The language "100% pro-life" and "fight for life" can signal staunch opposition to abortion without directly mentioning abortion.
: innuendo - implying something negative or controversial without explicitly stating it, leaving the audience to infer the intended meaning. : By emphasizing only 38-week or later timeframes, Haley creates the impression that Biden and Harris support unrestricted late-term abortions, without explicitly stating it.
: baseless claim - a bold statement that is presented as accepted or established fact, with no discernable evidence to support the claim. : Local prosecutors are to blame for the rise in violent crime.[15]
: false claim - a statement that is directly contradicted by fact and can be easily proven untrue. : Many states prisons are already operating at or above operational capacity.[16]
: false claim - a statement that is directly contradicted by fact and can be easily proven untrue. : Hunter Biden is facing 10 years maximum, not mandatory minimum.[17]
: glittering generalities - vague, emotionally charged language that evokes strong feelings or associations, but offers few if any specifics. : Attributing a supposed crime wave in the U.S. to a "national identity crisis" and calling for "family, faith, patriotism, hard work," and a "tonal reset from the top" while offering no concrete solutions to address gun violence, crime, or mental health issues.
: half truth - a statement that is essentially true, but lacking critical information and presented as the whole truth. : DeSantis mentions that crime is at a 50-year low in Florida, without mentioning that it's been at a 50-year low in Florida every year since 2008.[12]
: baseless claim - a bold statement that is presented as accepted or established fact, with no discernable evidence to support the claim. : Local prosecutors are responsible for the rise in violent crime.[15]
: whataboutism - discrediting a criticism by accusing hypocrisy to shift the focus away from oneself and onto others. : Ramaswamy avoids addressing the claim that Trump is driven by vengeance and grievance by accusing Christie of the same, neutralizing the accusation by turning it back onto Christie.
: guilt by association - discrediting an opponent by linking them with a person, group, or entity viewed negatively by the target audience. : Ramaswamy labels Christie as an MSNBC contributor, transferring any negative perceptions of the network the audience might have onto him.
: adding qualifiers - adding an extra word or phrase to a response that makes it ultimately meaningless, but still leaves the desired impression. : Scott saying school parents are being called domestic terrorists "under this DOJ" doesn't necessarily mean the Department of Justice is the one doing it, just that the name calling is happening during its tenure.[12]
: false dichotomy - giving the impression that only two opposing options exist while ignoring the possibility of any middle ground or nuanced alternatives. : Between considering relevant past actions or events and focusing solely on solving future issues, implying that voters must choose one over the other rather than weighing both when deciding whom to elect.
: guilt by association - discrediting an opponent by linking them with a person, group, or entity viewed negatively by the target audience. : DeSantis frames any critical acknowledgment of the events on Jan 6th, 2021, as aligning the critic with Democrats and implying party disloyalty.
: innuendo - implying something negative or controversial without explicitly stating it, leaving the audience to infer the intended meaning. : By emphasizing that "Kamala Harris will have no right to overturn the election," Pence seems to imply that Harris might attempt to overturn the election, without making the direct accusation.
: false claim - a statement that is directly contradicted by fact and can be easily proven untrue. : EU Institutions have provided over 77 billion euros to Ukraine, while the U.S. has provided 23.8 billion euros.[18]
: false dichotomy - giving the impression that only two opposing options exist while ignoring the possibility of any middle ground or nuanced alternatives. : Between protecting Ukraine's borders or protecting the U.S. southern border, implying that these concerns are mutually exclusive and disregarding the possibility that both can be prioritized simultaneously.
: false dichotomy - giving the impression that only two opposing options exist while ignoring the possibility of any middle ground or nuanced alternatives. : Between aiding Ukraine or securing the U.S. southern border, dismissing the possibility that one doesn't necessarily cancel out the other and both border security and foreign aid can coexist.
: false claim - a statement that is directly contradicted by fact and can be easily proven untrue. : 87000 IRS agents were never hired, but are due to be hired over the next decade, with the majority not as revenue agents.[19]
: cherry picking - presenting only evidence that confirms your position, while ignoring or withholding an often more significant portion that contradicts it. : A 90% reduction in illegal immigration during Trump's term is only possible if Pence is comparing apprehensions for the 1 month with the most apprehensions to the 1 month with the least, while ignoring the average.[20]
: slogan - a brief, striking phrase designed to be memorable, evoke emotional appeal, and reinforce a specific message or idea. : "We need education, not indoctrination" reduces a complex debate on education into simple, binary call to action, making it both emotionally charged and easily repeatable.
: misleading claim - a statement with a few elements or kernel of truth, which can easily be proven deceptive or fundamentally untrue. : There is no evidence that critical race theory was being taught in Florida’s K-12 schools.[11]
: common folk - connecting with an audience by giving the impression that you understand and share their everyday struggles and concerns. : By highlighting his small-town roots, family challenges, and personal experience with hard work, Burgum demonstrates relatability and empathy to the struggles of ordinary people.
: appeal to tradition - suggesting that moving away from or abandoning a long-standing practice could have detrimental or even dangerous implications. : Ramaswamy argues for a return to a set of ideological "common ideals," suggesting that the modern societal emphasis on diversity has been harmful to national unity and prosperity.
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PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES
adding qualifiers: appeal to tradition: common folk: euphemism: false dichotomy: false equivalence: glittering generalities: guilt by association: honor by association: innuendo: labeling: name-calling: oversimplification: projection: slogan: whataboutism:
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